Paul’s opening argument for election independent of human involvement, even prior to the birth of the people involved, raises questions about the justice of God. Is God not arbitrary and thus unrighteous? The question both echoes 3:5 and is different from it. There the question was God’s justice in judgment, while here the issue is God’s justice in election. Paul rejects the suggestion of God’s injustice in the strongest possible terms, absolutely not! The question is profoundly Jewish. The question is not, “is election unjust?” Jews believed in election; God had elected them as a people. Rather, the question is, is God unrighteous to the Abrahamic covenant by electing some within Israel and not all?
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