Owe no man any thing means to not be in debt to anyone. In the previous verse the apostle had been explaining the allegiance we owe to the government because they have been ordained by the Lord to carry out the responsibilities of maintaining peace and punishing evil. He had particularly admonished Christians to pay to them their just dues. From this command to discharge this obligation, Paul made a transition from debts in general, to a command not to be indebted to any one. This Mosaic law is referenced here, (1.) Because it is a part of our duty as good citizens; and, (2.) Because it is a part of that law which teaches us to love our neighbor, and to do no injury to him. Paul expanded this responsibility by including other people besides government officials. “Love one another” is the basic principle of the Christian life. It is the “new commandment” that Christ gave to us (John 13:34). When we practice love, there is a subordination of other laws, because love covers it all. If we love others, we must not willingly sin against them. Our motive for obeying God and helping others is the love of Christ which we have received.
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